pcDuino OpenSSL
Introduction
This guide is designed to introduce the reader to the Secure Sockets Layer, (SSL) application-level protocol, and particularly the OpenSSL implementation of SSL. After a brief description of exactly what OpenSSL is, and what it is useful for, the guide will further illustrate the practical usage of OpenSSL in a client-server environment, and provide specific examples of applications which may benefit from OpenSSL. Finally, the guide will lead the user through example procedures required to use OpenSSL with the popular Apache Hyper Text Transport Protocol (HTTP) server for the purpose of serving secured web pages from your Ubuntu computer.
About OpenSSL
Secure Sockets Layer is an application-level protocol which was developed by the Netscape Corporation for the purpose of transmitting sensitive information, such as Credit Card details via the Internet. SSL works by using a private key to encrypt data transferred over the SSL-enabled connection, thus thwarting eavesdropping of the information. The most popular use of SSL is in conjunction with web browsing with HTTP, but many network applications can benefit from using SSL. By convention, URLs that require an SSL connection start with https: instead of http:.
OpenSSL is a robust, commercial-grade implementation of SSL tools, and related general purpose library based upon SSLeay, developed by Eric A. Young and Tim J. Hudson. OpenSSL is available as an Open Source equivalent to commercial implementations of SSL via an Apache-style license.
About X.509
X.509 is a specification for digital certificates published by the International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunication (ITU-T). It specifies information and attributes required for the identification of a person or a computer system, and is used for secure management and distribution of digitally signed certificates across secure Internet networks. OpenSSL most commonly uses X.509 certificates.
Practical OpenSSL Usage
Basic OpenSSL Commands
The following section of the guide presents some of the more common basic commands, and parameters to commands which are part of the OpenSSL toolkit. For additional information, read the various OpenSSL system manual pages with the man command, and refer to the information presented in the Resources section of this guide.
Determine installed OpenSSL version:
openssl version
List of available OpenSSL sub-commands:
openssl help
Get additional help information on OpenSSL sub-commands by using the
openssl
command followed by the sub-command, and the
-h
switch. For example, to get additional information on the
openssl enc
sub-command:
openssl enc -h
List all available cipher algorithms:
openssl ciphers -v
You may benchmark your computer’s speed with OpenSSL, measuring how many bytes per second can be processed for each algorithm, and the times needed for sign/verify cycles by using the following command:
openssl speed
root@ubuntu:~# openssl version OpenSSL 1.0.1 14 Mar 2012 root@ubuntu:~# openssl help openssl:Error: 'help' is an invalid command. Standard commands asn1parse ca ciphers cms crl crl2pkcs7 dgst dh dhparam dsa dsaparam ec ecparam enc engine errstr gendh gendsa genpkey genrsa nseq ocsp passwd pkcs12 pkcs7 pkcs8 pkey pkeyparam pkeyutl prime rand req rsa rsautl s_client s_server s_time sess_id smime speed spkac srp ts verify version x509 Message Digest commands (see the `dgst' command for more details) md4 md5 rmd160 sha sha1 Cipher commands (see the `enc' command for more details) aes-128-cbc aes-128-ecb aes-192-cbc aes-192-ecb aes-256-cbc aes-256-ecb base64 bf bf-cbc bf-cfb bf-ecb bf-ofb camellia-128-cbc camellia-128-ecb camellia-192-cbc camellia-192-ecb camellia-256-cbc camellia-256-ecb cast cast-cbc cast5-cbc cast5-cfb cast5-ecb cast5-ofb des des-cbc des-cfb des-ecb des-ede des-ede-cbc des-ede-cfb des-ede-ofb des-ede3 des-ede3-cbc des-ede3-cfb des-ede3-ofb des-ofb des3 desx rc2 rc2-40-cbc rc2-64-cbc rc2-cbc rc2-cfb rc2-ecb rc2-ofb rc4 rc4-40 seed seed-cbc seed-cfb seed-ecb seed-ofb zlib root@ubuntu:~# openssl enc -h unknown option '-h' options are -in <file> input file -out <file> output file -pass <arg> pass phrase source -e encrypt -d decrypt -a/-base64 base64 encode/decode, depending on encryption flag -k passphrase is the next argument -kfile passphrase is the first line of the file argument -md the next argument is the md to use to create a key from a passphrase. One of md2, md5, sha or sha1 -S salt in hex is the next argument -K/-iv key/iv in hex is the next argument -[pP] print the iv/key (then exit if -P) -bufsize <n> buffer size -nopad disable standard block padding -engine e use engine e, possibly a hardware device. Cipher Types -aes-128-cbc -aes-128-cfb -aes-128-cfb1 -aes-128-cfb8 -aes-128-ctr -aes-128-ecb -aes-128-gcm -aes-128-ofb -aes-128-xts -aes-192-cbc -aes-192-cfb -aes-192-cfb1 -aes-192-cfb8 -aes-192-ctr -aes-192-ecb -aes-192-gcm -aes-192-ofb -aes-256-cbc -aes-256-cfb -aes-256-cfb1 -aes-256-cfb8 -aes-256-ctr -aes-256-ecb -aes-256-gcm -aes-256-ofb -aes-256-xts -aes128 -aes192 -aes256 -bf -bf-cbc -bf-cfb -bf-ecb -bf-ofb -blowfish -camellia-128-cbc -camellia-128-cfb -camellia-128-cfb1 -camellia-128-cfb8 -camellia-128-ecb -camellia-128-ofb -camellia-192-cbc -camellia-192-cfb -camellia-192-cfb1 -camellia-192-cfb8 -camellia-192-ecb -camellia-192-ofb -camellia-256-cbc -camellia-256-cfb -camellia-256-cfb1 -camellia-256-cfb8 -camellia-256-ecb -camellia-256-ofb -camellia128 -camellia192 -camellia256 -cast -cast-cbc -cast5-cbc -cast5-cfb -cast5-ecb -cast5-ofb -des -des-cbc -des-cfb -des-cfb1 -des-cfb8 -des-ecb -des-ede -des-ede-cbc -des-ede-cfb -des-ede-ofb -des-ede3 -des-ede3-cbc -des-ede3-cfb -des-ede3-cfb1 -des-ede3-cfb8 -des-ede3-ofb -des-ofb -des3 -desx -desx-cbc -id-aes128-GCM -id-aes192-GCM -id-aes256-GCM -rc2 -rc2-40-cbc -rc2-64-cbc -rc2-cbc -rc2-cfb -rc2-ecb -rc2-ofb -rc4 -rc4-40 -rc4-hmac-md5 -seed -seed-cbc -seed-cfb -seed-ecb -seed-ofb root@ubuntu:~# openssl ciphers -v ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA Enc=AESGCM(256) Mac=AEAD ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=ECDSA Enc=AESGCM(256) Mac=AEAD ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA384 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=ECDSA Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA384 ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA1 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH Au=ECDSA Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA1 SRP-DSS-AES-256-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=SRP Au=DSS Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA1 SRP-RSA-AES-256-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=SRP Au=RSA Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA1 DHE-DSS-AES256-GCM-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=DH Au=DSS Enc=AESGCM(256) Mac=AEAD DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=AESGCM(256) Mac=AEAD DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA256 DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=DH Au=DSS Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA256 DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA1 DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=DSS Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA1 DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=Camellia(256) Mac=SHA1 DHE-DSS-CAMELLIA256-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=DSS Enc=Camellia(256) Mac=SHA1 ECDH-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=AESGCM(256) Mac=AEAD ECDH-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=AESGCM(256) Mac=AEAD ECDH-RSA-AES256-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA384 ECDH-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA384 ECDH-RSA-AES256-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH/RSA Au=ECDH Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA1 ECDH-ECDSA-AES256-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA1 AES256-GCM-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=AESGCM(256) Mac=AEAD AES256-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA256 AES256-SHA SSLv3 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA1 CAMELLIA256-SHA SSLv3 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=Camellia(256) Mac=SHA1 PSK-AES256-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=PSK Au=PSK Enc=AES(256) Mac=SHA1 ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1 ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH Au=ECDSA Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1 SRP-DSS-3DES-EDE-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=SRP Au=DSS Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1 SRP-RSA-3DES-EDE-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=SRP Au=RSA Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1 EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1 EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=DSS Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1 ECDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH/RSA Au=ECDH Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1 ECDH-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1 DES-CBC3-SHA SSLv3 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1 PSK-3DES-EDE-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=PSK Au=PSK Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1 ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA Enc=AESGCM(128) Mac=AEAD ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=ECDSA Enc=AESGCM(128) Mac=AEAD ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA256 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH Au=ECDSA Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA256 ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA1 ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH Au=ECDSA Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA1 SRP-DSS-AES-128-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=SRP Au=DSS Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA1 SRP-RSA-AES-128-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=SRP Au=RSA Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA1 DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=DH Au=DSS Enc=AESGCM(128) Mac=AEAD DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=AESGCM(128) Mac=AEAD DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA256 DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=DH Au=DSS Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA256 DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA1 DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=DSS Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA1 DHE-RSA-SEED-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=SEED(128) Mac=SHA1 DHE-DSS-SEED-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=DSS Enc=SEED(128) Mac=SHA1 DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA128-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=Camellia(128) Mac=SHA1 DHE-DSS-CAMELLIA128-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=DSS Enc=Camellia(128) Mac=SHA1 ECDH-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=AESGCM(128) Mac=AEAD ECDH-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=AESGCM(128) Mac=AEAD ECDH-RSA-AES128-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA256 ECDH-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA256 ECDH-RSA-AES128-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH/RSA Au=ECDH Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA1 ECDH-ECDSA-AES128-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA1 AES128-GCM-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=AESGCM(128) Mac=AEAD AES128-SHA256 TLSv1.2 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA256 AES128-SHA SSLv3 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA1 SEED-SHA SSLv3 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=SEED(128) Mac=SHA1 CAMELLIA128-SHA SSLv3 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=Camellia(128) Mac=SHA1 PSK-AES128-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=PSK Au=PSK Enc=AES(128) Mac=SHA1 ECDHE-RSA-RC4-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH Au=RSA Enc=RC4(128) Mac=SHA1 ECDHE-ECDSA-RC4-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH Au=ECDSA Enc=RC4(128) Mac=SHA1 ECDH-RSA-RC4-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH/RSA Au=ECDH Enc=RC4(128) Mac=SHA1 ECDH-ECDSA-RC4-SHA SSLv3 Kx=ECDH/ECDSA Au=ECDH Enc=RC4(128) Mac=SHA1 RC4-SHA SSLv3 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=RC4(128) Mac=SHA1 RC4-MD5 SSLv3 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=RC4(128) Mac=MD5 PSK-RC4-SHA SSLv3 Kx=PSK Au=PSK Enc=RC4(128) Mac=SHA1 EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=DES(56) Mac=SHA1 EDH-DSS-DES-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH Au=DSS Enc=DES(56) Mac=SHA1 DES-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=RSA Au=RSA Enc=DES(56) Mac=SHA1 EXP-EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH(512) Au=RSA Enc=DES(40) Mac=SHA1 export EXP-EDH-DSS-DES-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH(512) Au=DSS Enc=DES(40) Mac=SHA1 export EXP-DES-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA Enc=DES(40) Mac=SHA1 export EXP-RC2-CBC-MD5 SSLv3 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA Enc=RC2(40) Mac=MD5 export EXP-RC4-MD5 SSLv3 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA Enc=RC4(40) Mac=MD5 export root@ubuntu:~# openssl speed Doing md4 for 3s on 16 size blocks: 914606 md4's in 2.98s Doing md4 for 3s on 64 size blocks: 802993 md4's in 2.99s Doing md4 for 3s on 256 size blocks: 546161 md4's in 3.00s Doing md4 for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 239531 md4's in 3.00s Doing md4 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 38552 md4's in 2.99s Doing md5 for 3s on 16 size blocks: 726937 md5's in 3.00s Doing md5 for 3s on 64 size blocks: 596468 md5's in 3.00s Doing md5 for 3s on 256 size blocks: 374986 md5's in 3.00s Doing md5 for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 149378 md5's in 2.98s Doing md5 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 22994 md5's in 3.00s Doing hmac(md5) for 3s on 16 size blocks: 806266 hmac(md5)'s in 3.00s Doing hmac(md5) for 3s on 64 size blocks: 639384 hmac(md5)'s in 2.98s Doing hmac(md5) for 3s on 256 size blocks: 393544 hmac(md5)'s in 3.00s Doing hmac(md5) for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 153468 hmac(md5)'s in 2.98s Doing hmac(md5) for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 23094 hmac(md5)'s in 3.00s Doing sha1 for 3s on 16 size blocks: 652836 sha1's in 3.00s Doing sha1 for 3s on 64 size blocks: 477011 sha1's in 3.00s Doing sha1 for 3s on 256 size blocks: 261014 sha1's in 3.00s Doing sha1 for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 92676 sha1's in 3.00s Doing sha1 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 13224 sha1's in 2.99s Doing sha256 for 3s on 16 size blocks: 493707 sha256's in 3.00s Doing sha256 for 3s on 64 size blocks: 278441 sha256's in 3.00s Doing sha256 for 3s on 256 size blocks: 120654 sha256's in 3.00s Doing sha256 for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 36906 sha256's in 2.99s Doing sha256 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 4879 sha256's in 2.99s Doing sha512 for 3s on 16 size blocks: 126580 sha512's in 2.99s Doing sha512 for 3s on 64 size blocks: 126912 sha512's in 3.00s Doing sha512 for 3s on 256 size blocks: 45163 sha512's in 2.98s Doing sha512 for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 15523 sha512's in 3.00s Doing sha512 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 2164 sha512's in 2.97s Doing whirlpool for 3s on 16 size blocks: 210678 whirlpool's in 3.00s Doing whirlpool for 3s on 64 size blocks: 109044 whirlpool's in 3.00s Doing whirlpool for 3s on 256 size blocks: 44249 whirlpool's in 2.98s Doing whirlpool for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 13149 whirlpool's in 2.98s Doing whirlpool for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 1747 whirlpool's in 3.00s Doing rmd160 for 3s on 16 size blocks: ^C root@ubuntu:~#
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